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Raising of Chicago
During the 1850s and 1860s engineers carried out a piecemeal raising of the level of central Chicago. Streets, sidewalks and buildings were either built up, relocated, or physically raised on hydraulic jacks or jackscrews. The work was funded by private property owners and public funds.
== Background ==
During the 19th century, the elevation of the Chicago area was not much higher than the shorelines of Lake Michigan, so for many years there was little or no naturally occurring drainage from the city surface. The lack of drainage caused unpleasant living conditions, and standing water harbored pathogens that caused numerous epidemics. Epidemics including typhoid fever and dysentery blighted Chicago six years in a row culminating in the 1854 outbreak of cholera that killed six percent of the city’s population.〔(Chicago Daily Tribune, July 12, 1854 )〕〔(Putnam’s Monthly Magazine, volume seven. (June 1856), page 610. )〕〔Emmett Dedmon. Fabulous Chicago. Random House. 1953. Page 10.〕〔Bessie Louise Pierce, As Others See Chicago; Impressions of Visitors. University of Chicago Press. 1933, reprinted 2004. Page 100.〕
The crisis forced the city's engineers and aldermen to take the drainage problem seriously and after many heated discussions〔(Chicago Daily Tribune, May 31, 1855 )〕〔(Chicago Daily Tribune, April 9, 1857 )〕—and following at least one false start—a solution eventually materialized. In 1856, engineer Ellis S. Chesbrough drafted a plan for the installation of a city-wide sewerage system and submitted it to the Common Council, which adopted the plan. Workers then laid drains, covered and refinished roads and sidewalks with several feet of soil, and raised most buildings to the new grade with hydraulic jacks.
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